Air Force ROTC Essays - Military Ranks, Free Essays, Term Papers

Air Force ROTC Essays - Military Ranks, Free Essays, Term Papers Air Force ROTC 130th Cadet Wing Cadet Guide Spring 2016 Cadet: Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction.... 3 Chapter 2: Contacts, Info Distribution 4 Chapter 3: Customs & Courtesies........... 5 Chapter 4: Physical Fitness Standards & Jodies......... 11 Chapter 5: Drill & Ceremonies.......................... 15 Chapter 6: Uniform Wear.............. 19 Chapter 7: Conclusion 25 Signature Page.26 Chapter 1 Introduction Welcome to the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps 130th Cadet Wing! If you are reading this handbook, you have decided to make the initial steps in learning to become a successful Airman and leader in the United States Air Force. The 130th Cadet Wing participates in a leadership laboratory, also known as LLab, which will help you be prepared for Active Duty, and the opportunities it brings. This handbook is the official 130th Cadet Wing, Cadet Guide, which is designed to give you a well-rounded knowledge of Air Force basics, uniform wear, customs & courtesies, and the like. This guide is not a replacement of the requirements mandated by the leadership lab syllabus or the instruction of a cadre member and/or a cadet officer, Air Force Instructions (AFIs), or AFROTC Instructions (AFROTCIs). Rather, it serves as a supplemental material and guide toward where to learn more about your expectations as a cadet in the ROTC program, here, at Cadet Wing 130. Study hard, be confident, never fail, and never leave an Airman behind! Make sure your flight mates and fellow GMC know about this book and learn of its contents. You will be expected to use what you learn in this book at Det 130 and in your Air Force future. If you have any questions about the material, contact your flight mates first, then your POC Flight Commander. Good luck! Chapter 2 Contact Information & References Detachment 130 Contact Information 2419 6th Street, Northwest, Douglass Hall B-29 Washington, DC 20059 Phone: 202-806-6788 Fax: 202-806-4506 Cadet Wing 130 Website: www.det130.org Air Force Website: www.airforce.com Air Force ROTC Website: www.afrotc.com Cadre Members: Lieutenant Colonel Joyner Detachment Commander Captain Richard Frantz Operations Flight Commander Technical Sergeant Anndee Troxler NCOIC, Personnel Staff Sergeant Pamela Torres NCOIC, Knowledge Operations Ms. Ralphine Pughsley Administrative Assistant Information Distribution: Each week the cadet leadership will publish a document called Operations Orders (Ops Orders). This document details what the cadet wing will be doing throughout the week. It lists times, location, and uniform of the day (UOD) for every Leadership Lab as well as physical training session. They are published two ways. First, they will be emailed out over the wing list-serv (to get added to this listserv, email the webmaster at [emailprotected]). The second way is they will be posted to the cadet wing website (see above). The same method of distribution will apply to any other important announcement. If you were to have a question about any ops orders or announcement made you would direct that question through your chain of command (see Chapter 3, Number X). References (source of information in Guide)*: AFI 36-2905: Fitness Program AFI 36-2903: Dress and Appearance of Air Force Personnel AFMAN 36-2203: Drill & Ceremonies Manual Holm Center T-203: AFROTC Field Training Manual Holm Center T-703: Holm Center Training Manual AFROTCI 36-2010: Cadet Training Programs AFROTCI 36-2011: Cadet Operations *These guides can be located online with any internet search engine Chapter 3 Customs, Courtesies and Detachment Etiquette I. Absence and Tardiness Military Tardiness Standard As a cadet, you are expected to be early (usually 15 minutes) for any military-related event. If you are going to be late let your flight commander or supervisor know ahead of time. Be professional; phone calls, e-mails, and text messages are appropriate however, remember to use your customs and courtesies at ALL TIMES! AFROTC Attendance Policy In AFROTC, 80% of your attendance is the minimum standard. As officers, we exceed the minimum. If you need to be excused for academic, work-related, family, or emergency reasons, you need to send an Absence Request Form (ARF) to your direct superior at least 48 hours prior to the scheduled event. In the case of failure to meet attendance minimums, disenrollment from the AFROTC program will be considered. II. Military Etiquette Conduct while in Uniform Never walk on the grass (unless for reveille or related ceremonies). Spitting, chewing tobacco or gum and smoking are not permitted in formation. Cadets should avoid these actions in uniform as they detract from professional appearance. When consuming food or beverage in uniform, do so in a professional manner.

Parthenogenesis - Reproduction Without Sex

Parthenogenesis - Reproduction Without Sex Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which a female gamete or egg cell develops into an individual without fertilization. Animals including most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants that have no sex chromosomes reproduce by this process. Some reptiles and fish are also capable of reproducing in this manner. Many plants are also capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis. Most organisms that reproduce by parthenogenesis also reproduce sexually. This type of parthenogenesis is known as facultative parthenogenesis and organisms including water fleas, crayfish, snakes, sharks, and Komodo dragons reproduce in this manner. Other parthenogenic species, including some reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, are only capable of reproducing asexually. Key Takeaways: Parthenogenesis In parthenogenesis, reproduction occurs asexually when a female egg cell develops into a new individual without fertilization.Many different types of organisms reproduce by parthenogenesis including insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and plants.Most parthenogenic organisms also reproduce sexually, while others only reproduce by asexual means.Parthenogenesis is an adaptive strategy that allows organisms to reproduce when sexual reproduction is not possible due to environmental conditions.Parthenogenesis that happens by apomixis involves the replication of an egg by mitosis resulting in diploid cells that are clones of the parent.Parthenogenesis that happens by automixis involves the replication of an egg by meiosis and the transformation of the haploid egg to a diploid cell by chromosome duplication or fusion with a polar body.In arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, the unfertilized egg develops into a male.In thelytoky parthenogenesis, the unfertilized egg develops into a female.In deute rotoky parthenogenesis, a male or female may develop from the unfertilized egg. Advantages and Disadvantages of Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis is an adaptive strategy to ensure the reproduction of organisms when conditions are not favorable for sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can be advantageous to organisms that must remain in a particular environment and in places where mates are scarce. Numerous offspring can be produced without costing the parent a great amount of energy or time. A disadvantage of this type of reproduction is the lack of genetic variation. There is no movement of genes from one population to another. Due to the fact that environments are unstable, populations that are genetically variable will be able to adapt to changing conditions better than those that lack genetic variation. How Does Parthenogenesis Happen? There are two main ways in which parthenogenesis occurs. One method is by apomixis, where egg cells are produced by mitosis. In apomictic parthenogenesis, the female sex cell (oocyte) replicates by mitosis producing two diploid cells. These cells have the full complement of chromosomes needed to develop into an embryo. The resulting offspring are clones of the parent cell. Among the organisms that reproduce in this manner are flowering plants and aphids. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images The other main method of parthenogenesis is through automixis. In automictic parthenogenesis, egg cells are produced by meiosis. Normally in oogenesis (egg cell development), the resulting daughter cells are divided unequally during meiosis. This asymmetrical cytokinesis results in one large egg cell (oocyte) and smaller cells called polar bodies. The polar bodies degrade and are not fertilized. The oocyte is  haploid  and only becomes diploid after it is  fertilized by male sperm. Since  automictic parthenogenesis does not involve males, the egg cell becomes diploid by fusing with one of the polar bodies or by duplicating its chromosomes and doubling its genetic material. Since the resulting offspring are produced by meiosis, genetic recombination  occurs and these individuals are not true clones of the parent cell. Sexual Activity and Parthenogenesis In an interesting twist, some organisms that reproduce by parthenogenesis actually need sexual activity for parthenogenesis to occur. Known as pseudogamy or gynogenesis, this type of reproduction requires the presence of sperm cells to stimulate egg cell development. In the process, no genetic material is exchanged because the sperm cell does not fertilize the egg cell. The egg cell develops into an embryo by parthenogenesis. Organisms that reproduce in this manner include some salamanders, stick insects, ticks,  aphids,  mites,  cicadas, wasps, bees, and  ants. How Is Sex Determined in Parthenogenesis? In some organisms such as wasps, bees, and  ants, sex is determined by fertilization. In arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, an  unfertilized egg develops into a male and a fertilized egg develops into a female. The female is diploid and contains two sets  of chromosomes, while the male is haploid.  In thelytoky parthenogenesis,  unfertilized  eggs develop into  females.  Thelytoky parthenogenesis occurs in some ants, bees, wasps, arthropods, salamanders,  fish, and reptiles. In  deuterotoky parthenogenesis, both males and females develop from unfertilized eggs. Other Types of Asexual Reproduction In addition to parthenogenesis, there are several other types of asexual reproduction. Some of these methods include: Spores: Spores are reproductive cells that develop into new organisms without fertilization.Binary fission: In binary fission, an individual replicates and divides by mitosis creating two individuals.Budding: In budding, an individual grows out of the body of its parent.Regeneration: Regeneration occurs when the detached part of an individual forms another individual. Sources Allen, L., et al. Molecular Evidence for the First Records of Facultative Parthenogenesis in Elapid Snakes. Open Science, The Royal Society, 1 Feb. 2018, rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/2/171901.Dudgeon, Christine L., et al. Switch from Sexual to Parthenogenetic Reproduction in a Zebra Shark. Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 16 Jan. 2017, www.nature.com/articles/srep40537.Parthenogenesis. New World Encyclopedia, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?titleParthenogenesisoldid987045.